Mutchus

Description You can save on your electricity bills by switching to alternative sources of power. The photovoltaic module or solar panel described here is capable of delivering a power of 5 watts. At full sunlight, the solar panel outputs 16.5V. It can deliver a current of 300-350 mA. Using it you can charge three types of batteries: lead acid, Ni-Cd and Li-ion. The lead-acid batteries are commonly used in emergency lamps and UPS. The working of the circuit is simple. The output of the solar panel is fed via diode 1N5402 (D1), which acts as a polarity guard and protects the solar panel. An ammeter is connected in series between diode D1 and fuse to measure the current flowing during charging of the batteries. As shown in Fig. 1, we have used an analogue multimeter in 500mA range. Diode D2 is used for protection against reverse polarity in case of wrong connection of the lead-acid battery. Charger circuit diagram: When you connect wrong polarity, the fuse will blow up. For charging a l...

This is a Simple Panel Frequency Meter Circuit Diagram to measure the frequency of 230V AC mains. When you connect it to the 230V AC line, the display shows the line frequency. Generally, the line frequency is 50 Hz, which may vary from 48 Hz to 52 Hz. Beyond this frequency range, sensitive equipment may start malfunctioning. The AC mains supply is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary output of 9V-0-9V AC, 250 mA. The secondary output of the transformer is rectified by diodes D1 and D2, filtered by capacitor C1 and given to regulator IC1 to produce regulated 6V DC. 9V AC is also connected to pins 2 and 6 of IC2 via resistor R1. Timer IC2 converts the sinewave frequency sample of AC mains into a square wave that is more suitable for the circuit operation. Simple Panel Frequency Meter Circuit Diagram Fig. 1: The circuit of the panel frequency meter IC CD4093 (IC3) is used as an oscillator-cum-divider. The oscillator, wired around gate N1, produces 10Hz clock. Decade co...

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Improve Solar PV Panel Efficiency and Output Power There are a number of means available to increase solar panel output and efficiency — some of which may be utilized by the serious experimenter. These are listed as follows: Solar Cell Technology There are a number of technologies being researched and there are continual advancements. Experimental technologies and highest efficiencies include: Multi-cell gallium arsenide – 44% Single cell gallium arsenide – 29% Crystalline silicon - 25% Thin film copper-indium-gallium-selenide – 20% Emerging PV technologies (dye-sensitive cells etc.) – 11% (low efficiency, but very inexpensive) Check out this link for an informative solar cell research chart: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/PVeff%28rev121211%29.jpg Unfortunately, we live in the real world and the highest efficiency technologies are either unaffordable or have not been put into production. As a result, the experimenter is generally stuck with crystalline silicon techn...