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Theory or Operation of Inductive Proximity Sensors | How Inductive Proximity Sensor Works?   In this section we will look at Inductive proximity sensors , and how they detect the presence of an object without coming into physical contact with it. Inductive proximity sensors are available in a variety of sizes and configurations to meet varying applications. Specific sensors will be covered in more detailed in the following section. Electromagnetic Coil and Metal Target The sensor incorporates an electromagnetic coil which is used to detect the presence of a conductive metal object. The sensor will ignore the presence of an object if it is not metal.   Inductive proximity sensors are operated using an Eddy Current Killed Oscillator (ECKO) principle. This type of sensor consists of four elements: coil, oscillator, trigger circuit, and an output. The oscillator is an inductive capacitive tuned circuit that creates a radio frequency. The electromagnetic field produced by the os...

What is Emphasis? Emphasis is the process of boosting the Amplitude Vs Frequency characteristics of a signal to reduce the effects caused by noise while transmission or reception of message signal over the channel. The noise that may occurs include both single frequency interference and thermal noise. Noise is inherently greater in amplitude at higher modulating signal than at lower frequencies, because the signals with higher frequencies have low SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). By emphasis, approximately a 12db of improvement in noise can be achieved in FM. Read More.....

3.5  BASIC ATOMIC THEORY  REVIEW EXERCISES       1.         What is an atom?                                          2.         State the characteristics of an atom. 3.         How do atoms of different elements differ? 4.         List  ten  elements. 5.         Define the following: Molecule, element and compound. 6.         Deduce electronic configuration and draw the atomic structure of a neutral atom whose atomic number is 14 with 14 neutrons. 7.         What is the principal characteristic ...